女裝品牌midoil

1. 比爾總是熬夜工作的同義句。用英語怎麼說

Billalwaysstayupallnight.

• 關於「熬夜」的各種地道說法吧。

1.stayup熬夜

eg：.今晚我不想睡覺，等著看深夜電視節目。

eg：.即使通宵不眠，我也要把這台收音機修好。

2.Burnthemidnightoil(熬夜)

以前的人都是用油燈來照明，如果有人在深夜時分燃點燈油，即表示那個人仍在努力的埋頭苦幹。現今，我們已不會再燃點油燈，但是這意思依然保留下來，因而有Burnthemidnightoil這個成語的出現。

Burnthemidnightoil

是指通宵達旦地工作，亦即是我們所謂的開夜車。要Burnthemidnightoil

的時候，實在是一件令人勞累的事，那麼，大家就要小心身體了！

eg:「Angelaisaworkaholic..Angela是一個工作狂，她時常也在通宵工作。

3.相關成語

Pullanallnighter與Burnthemidnightoil的意思相通。如：

..」（老師不會鼓勵學生在試前才溫書至深夜，他們應該上課時專心聽書才對。）

.我昨晚熬夜看了世界盃決賽。

Latehoursdon'tagreewithme.我不習慣熬夜。（keeplatehours晚睡晚起）

Didyouburnthemid-nightoilagainlastnight?你昨晚又熬夜了嗎？

It'.他經常晚上熬夜。

.有些人寧可熬夜，也不早睡。

Heisanightowl.他是個夜貓子。

.長期熬夜使她筋疲力竭。

Collegestudentsoftenpullanall-nighterattheendofasemester.一到學期末，學生們就經常通宵學習。

2. 這次絕對不會再弄錯了。 burning mid-night oil 的意思

通宵達旦地工作 或 開夜車

3. 高分求翻譯，@@懸賞100分，謝謝各位了！不要在線翻譯

Shampoo has a major role in removing dandruff,Oil baked features,prevent hair loss,make hair supple,prevent hair bifurcation,be hair care,remove itching and so on.
There are main competitor currently available in the market " Flower "which are brand rejoice、panting、VidalSassoon 、hazel line、head-shoulders、versace、shouwu、dongyanghua and so on . In the market through some of the major brands of color packaging, I found that each has its own well-known procts of the main color. For example: 『VidalSassoon』 red and black,'Rejoice' white and blue, 'Panting' red, 'yikalu' green,So i chose the distinctive pink, At the same time this is the same as the color of the flowers. Another survey that regardless of Sassoon are from the design and advertising to consumers are a professional atmosphere Chhnang and then take the " Dedicated men " line to the main consumer target for the delineation of the broad masses of compatriots in men.Overlord Shampoo by virtue of "family medicine" which is strong supportted of Chinese medicine was made details of the proposed pharmacological efficacy, such as itching、Removal of dandruff, Piaorou which are well-known function of lubricating . So a good proct must have the advantage to victory, The flower is a mid-range procts, If you want to occupation market,you must lock it the best part of the target population,.Therefore, the price of shampoo is a very imortant factor.Consumers are most in need of cheap, value for money procts. At present, prices of brand shampoo are or less the same. For example, a bottle of 200ML of 'rejoice' shampoo or ' Herbal medicine' shampoo in the prices of around 18RMB. 200ML bottle of shampoo which can be used 2 months by a person , it would cost 108 yuan to buy shampoo.This price for the current month's general revenue at 600 yuan for consumers is acceptable. According to the unit price of the purchase rate statistics, 20 yuan at about 200 milliliters of shampoo to buy the largest space. Therefore, the current prices for those brands and features similar but cheaper procts will no doubt have a very big market. Due to compete on price, taking into account the "Flower 5" baked Oil Shampoo for the target consumer group 18 to 35 female consumers, so the criteria listed retail price of 200ml - 16.8 RMB
I designed a poster of composition and colors are a bit simple, posters of the main color is pink.It look like just right over a simple interface』 with a small number of petals, giving the overall impression of the first bright and warm feeling. Its brand name of " flowers " is refer to a good girl.The meaning of forshine5 a registered English trademark is bright. Therefore, on posters in the main to reflect the young women prefer the color pink. To give customers a transparent image of Release. At the same time, 'flowers' unique plant collagen-conditioning and moisturizing factor RMT to quickly penetrate to the depths of the hair and scalp hair to provide nutrients and to effectively improve the quality of the hair. It has a unique formula dispel dandruff ZPT factor to remove debris mild dandruff to drive out effective natural hair fresh and cool. I will also feature the posters done in a certain amount of publicity. It has aroma of flowers, fresh lasting, pleasant aroma! Audience groups are applicable to the wider public.
1'Flower' shampoo the package is very delicate.It is so Fine work. It is using high hardness plasticcolor , using downy , properly sealed tight, no crack and the words are printed clearly.
2. Fragrance. The 「Flower」 shampoo fragrance is very light and close to nature, no stimulation nose and after use left smell.3. Foam,the 「Flower」 shampoo is very easy to generate foam. Use a little can generate foam, and foam average.4. Easy to wash clean. When washing is very easy to wash clean and not sticky the hand feeling. 5.The at last feeling.When you use up,you can feel that the hair is lightsome and natural smooth, there won't be combed through the phenomenon.
All 「Flower」 information are showed in my poster.That enable customers to understand better promotion the brand 「Flower 5」.

4. 機油都有哪些型號

汽車機油的型號：APISM/CF5W-40

SA、SB、SC、SD、SE、SF、SG、SH、SJ、SL等級。SL是目前世界品質級別最高級別的機油

SA級別：就用於 1930 年代初期，純礦物油，不含添加劑。

SB級別： 194O 年代後期，首隻含添加劑的機油，含有些防銹劑及防氧化劑。

SC級別：1964 提供防止高溫及低溫沉積、磨損、銹蝕及腐蝕的保護。

SD級別： 1968 表現比SC機油好。

SE級別： 1972 更多防止氧化、銹蝕、腐蝕及高溫沉積的保護。

SF級別： 1980實施，防油泥、防積污、酸安定性、耐磨性等優於SE氧化穩定性較SE為佳。

SG級別：1989年實施，耐磨性、耐高溫、抗氧化性、清凈性、防油泥、分散性等優於SF。對發動機沉積、機油氧化及發動機磨損的控制較SF為佳。

SH 1992年制訂，1993 測試通過程序較SG嚴格.1994年實施，SH規范內容與SG相同，但SG對於送測時不合格項目可以日後補測直到全部合格為止，而SH送測時必須一次全部合格。

(4)女裝品牌midoil擴展閱讀：

從各級別機油的應用上看，美國石油學會在依汽車的發展，使用條件及排放的要求，在不斷的提高機油的級別。記得2000年修車時，桑塔納加的機油是SF級別的，國產麵包車加註是SE級別的級

油。從API定義機油的級別來看，SE和SF分別是API於1972年和1980年實施的，產於1984年的桑塔納採用的是德國70年低的技術。從機油的使用級別來看，國產汽車落後世界20年一點不為過。

關於型號里的10W-40，指的是機油的粘度等級，全稱應為SAE10W-40，其中SAW是美國汽車工程師學會的英文縮寫。說明機油的粘度等級是由美國汽車工程師學會制定的。分為兩個粘度等級：低溫粘度等級和高溫粘度等級。

5. come over to my home for Mid-autumn Festival的 Mid-autumn Festival前不加the嗎為什麼

你自己選擇！~

◆第一種

The joyous Mid-Autumn Festival was celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth moon，around the time of the autumn equinox（秋分）. Many referred to it simply as the 「Fifteenth of the Eighth Moon」.

This day was also considered as a harvest festival since fruits，vegetables and grain had been harvested by this time and food was abundant. Food offerings were placed on an altar set up in the courtyard. Apples，pears，peaches，grapes，pomegranates（石榴），melons，oranges and pomelos（柚子）might be seen. Special foods for the festival included moon cakes，cooked taro（芋頭）and water caltrope（菱角），a type of water chestnut resembling black buffalo horns. Some people insisted that cooked taro be included because at the time of creation，taro was the first food discovered at night in the moonlight. Of all these foods，it could not be omitted from the Mid-Autumn Festival.

The round moon cakes，measuring about three inches in diameter and one and a half inches in thickness，resembled Western fruitcakes in taste and consistency. These cakes were made with melon seeds（西瓜子），lotus seeds（蓮籽），almonds（杏仁），minced meats，bean paste，orange peels and lard（豬油）. A golden yolk（蛋黃）from a salted ck egg was placed at the center of each cake，and the golden brown crust was decorated with symbols of the festival. Traditionally，thirteen moon cakes were piled in a pyramid to symbolize the thirteen moons of a 「complete year，」 that is，twelve moons plus one intercalary（閏月的）moon.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional festivity for both the Han and minority nationalities. The custom of worshipping the moon can be traced back as far as the ancient Xia and Shang Dynasties（2000 B.C.-1066 B.C.）. In the Zhou Dynasty（1066 B.C.-221 B.C.），people hold ceremonies to greet winter and worship the moon whenever the Mid-Autumn Festival sets in. It becomes very prevalent in the Tang Dynasty（618-907 A.D.）that people enjoy and worship the full moon. In the Southern Song Dynasty（1127-1279 A.D.），however，people send round moon cakes to their relatives as gifts in expression of their best wishes of family reunion. When it becomes dark，they look up at the full silver moon or go sightseeing on lakes to celebrate the festival. Since the Ming（1368-1644 A.D. ）and Qing Dynasties（1644-1911A.D.），the custom of Mid-Autumn Festival celebration becomes unprecedented popular. Together with the celebration there appear some special customs in different parts of the country，such as burning incense（熏香），planting Mid-Autumn trees，lighting lanterns on towers and fire dragon dances. However，the custom of playing under the moon is not so popular as it used to be nowadays，but it is not less popular to enjoy the bright silver moon. Whenever the festival sets in，people will look up at the full silver moon，drinking wine to celebrate their happy life or thinking of their relatives and friends far from home，and extending all of their best wishes to them.

Moon Cakes

There is this story about the moon-cake. ring the Yuan dynasty（A.D. 1280-1368）China was ruled by the Mongolian people. Leaders from the preceding Sung dynasty（A.D. 960-1280）were unhappy at submitting to the foreign rule，and set how to coordinate the rebellion without being discovered. The leaders of the rebellion，knowing that the Moon Festival was drawing near，ordered the making of special cakes. Backed into each moon cake was a message with the outline of the attack. On the night of the Moon Festival，the rebels successfully attached and overthrew the government. Today，moon cakes are eaten to commemorate this legend and was called the Moon Cake.

For generations，moon cakes have been made with sweet fillings of nuts，mashed red beans，lotus-seed paste or Chinese dates（棗子），wrapped in a pastry. Sometimes a cooked egg yolk can be found in the middle of the rich tasting dessert. People compare moon cakes to the plum pudding and fruit cakes which are served in the English holiday seasons.

Nowadays，there are hundreds varieties of moon cakes on sale a month before the arrival of Moon Festival

◆第二種

Mooncakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. The seasonal round cakes traditionally have a sweet filling of lotus seed paste or red bean paste and often have one or more salted ck eggs in the center to represent the moon. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month, it is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. This year the festival falls on October 1.

There are two legends which claim to explain the tradition of eating mooncakes. One Tang Dynasty myth holds that the Earth once had 10 suns circling it. One day all 10 suns appeared at once, scorching the planet with their heat. It was thanks to a skillful archer named Hou Yi that the Earth was saved. He shot down all but one of the suns. As his reward, the Heavenly Queen Mother gave Hou Yi the Elixir of Immortality, but she warned him that he must use it wisely. Hou Yi ignored her advice and, corrupted by fame and fortune, became a tyrannical leader. Chang-Er, his beautiful wife, could no longer stand by and watch him abuse his power so she stole his Elixir and fled to the moon to escape his angry wrath. And thus began the legend of the beautiful woman in the moon, the Moon Fairy.

The second legend has it that ring the Yuan Dynasty, an underground group led by Zhu Yuan Zang was determined to rid the country of Mongolian dominance. The moon cake was created to carry a secret message. When the cake was opened and the message read, an uprising was unleashed which successfully routed the Mongolians. It happened at the time of the full moon, which, some say, explains why mooncakes are eaten at this time.

Mooncakes are usually stamped with Chinese characters indicating the name of the bakery and the type of filling used. Some bakeries will even stamp them with your family name so that you can give personalised ones to friends and family. They are usually presented in boxes of four which indicate the four phases of the moon. Traditional mooncakes are made with melted lard, but today vegetable oil is more often used in the interests of health.
Mooncakes are not for the diet-conscious as they are loaded with calories. The best way to wash down one of these sticky cakes is with a cup of Chinese tea, especially Jasmine or Chrysanthemum tea, which aids the digestion.

中秋節吃月餅就像西方人聖誕節吃百果餡餅一樣，是必不可少的。圓圓的月餅中通常包有香甜的蓮子餡或是紅豆餡，餡的中央還會加上一個金黃的咸鴨蛋黃來代表月亮。而月亮正是中秋節慶祝的主題。每年農歷8月15日人們一起慶祝中秋，據說這一天的月亮是一年中最亮最圓的。今年的中秋節恰好是陽歷的10月1日（中國的國慶日）。

關於吃月餅這個傳統的來歷有兩個傳說。一個是唐朝的神話故事，說的是當時地球被10個太陽包圍著。有一天10個太陽同時出現在天空中，巨大的熱量幾乎把地球烤焦了。多虧一位名叫後羿的神箭手射下了9個太陽，地球才被保住。為了獎勵後羿，王母娘娘賜給後羿一種長生不老葯，但是王母警告他必須正當使用。然而後羿沒有理會王母娘娘的警告，他被名利沖昏了頭腦，變成了一個暴君。後羿美麗的妻子嫦娥對他的暴行再也不能袖手旁觀，於是她偷走了後羿的長生不老葯，飛到月亮上逃避後羿的狂怒。從此就有了關於月宮仙子嫦娥，這個月亮上的美麗女人的傳說。

第二個傳說講的是在元朝，朱元璋領導的起義軍計劃起義來擺脫蒙古族的統治。他們用月餅來傳遞密信。掰開月餅就可以找到裡面的密信，起義軍通過這種方式成功的發動了起義，趕走了元朝的統治者。這場起義發生在八月十五之時，於是中秋節吃月餅的習俗便在民間傳開來。

6. 求一篇英語介紹著名公司的 trends &perfprmance.(高分追加!!)

沃爾瑪
Wal-Mart by the United States of retail legend, Mr. Sam Walton in 1962, set up in Arkansas. After forty years of development, Wal-Mart has become the nation's largest private employer and the world's largest retail chain enterprises currently the largest, Wal-Mart around the world opened more than 6,600 stores, the total number of employees more than 180 million people in 14 countries worldwide. Wal-Mart customers per week visit 175 million people. Wal-Mart (WAL-MART) is the world's top 500 enterprises.

In 1991, Wal-Mart's annual sales break 40,000,000,000 U.S. dollars, as the world's large-scale retail businesses. According to the United States in May 1994 "Fortune" magazine published by the U.S. service sector classification list, Wal-Mart's 1993 annual sales of up to 67,340,000,000 U.S. dollars, over the previous year growth of more than 11,800,000,000, more than in 1992 ranked number one Silvan Sri Lanka (Sears), ranks the nation's top retail instry. Wal-Mart's 1995 sales growth, and created a world record in the retail instry, to achieve annual sales of 93,600,000,000 U.S. dollars, in "Fortune" magazine, the nation's largest 95 companies ranked fourth on the list. In fact, Wal-Mart's annual sales equal to the sum of the nation's department stores all, but still maintained a strong momentum of development. So far, Wal-Mart have been 2133 Wal-Mart stores, 469 Sam's Club and Wal-Mart Shopping Plaza, 248, in the United States, Mexico, Canada, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, China, Indonesia, etc.. In a short span of several decades in the case of the rapid development of the retail instry have to say is a miracle.

July 11, 2007 in the United States "wealth" <<fortune>> magazine published in 2007 the world's top 500 list, the U.S. retail king Wal-Mart come back to 351,139,000,000 U.S. dollars annual revenue of more than Exxon Mobil , Leapt to the top again.
埃克森美孚
ExxonMobil is the world's leading oil and petrochemical companies, from John D. Rockefeller created in 1882, is headquartered in the United States, Texas, the text of the city of love. Exxon Mobil, through its affiliated companies around the world in 200 countries and territories, with 86,000 employees, including about 14,000 engineering and technical personnel and scientists. Is the world's largest non-governmental oil and gas procers and is the world's largest non-governmental natural gas distributors; at the same time, the world's largest oil refining business, located in 25 countries and 45 per day refinery, the refining capacity of 6,400,000 barrels per day ; In the world have more than 37,000 gas stations and 1,000,000 in the wholesale and instrial customers; annual sales of more than 150 countries around 28,000,000 tons of petrochemical procts. Company for 85 years or more to obtain credit rating 3A, is the world's keep the record of one of the few companies. "Fortune" magazine this year ranked the nation's largest listed companies in the list, skyrocketing energy prices, the Exxon - Mobil to the 2006 Fortune 500 top.
皇家殼牌石油
Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies is one of the world well-known large-scale multinational oil companies, was founded in 1907, by Royal Dutch Petroleum accounts for 60% of the shares of Shell Transport and Trading Company (UK) accounted for 40% of the shares. The two parent companies are listed companies, Royal Dutch Petroleum shares in Amsterdam, London, New York, Zurich 9, and other cities listed, Shell Transport and Trading Company in London, New York, Paris 5, and other cities listed. 1996 Royal Dutch / Shell Group, the world's 500 largest companies ranked No. 6 in the world's top oil company in an article. The group of companies principally engaged in upstream and downstream oil and chemical business in the world in more than 100 countries and regions have more than 2000 in the company currently employs 101,000 people. Separate group of companies headquartered in The Hague, the Netherlands and London, England, the current Chairman of the German-poetry (CAJHerketroter). First, the development of A Brief History of the Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies was founded in 1907, by Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. jointly formed a multi-national oil companies of the Group.

Shell Transport and Trade Co., Ltd. (Great Britain) was formally established in 1897, after the company's sales in the Far East to build a transportation center, and with the Rothschild Group have signed a long-term contracts to buy oil. Royal Dutch Petroleum (Netherlands), founded in 1890, after a set up in the small Dutch East India Company, to Shell Transport and Trading Company and the competition, the company also established its own distribution network and fleet.

In 1903, after several years of negotiations, the two companies eventually reached an agreement with the Rothschild Group (later quit) together make up the Asia Oil Company, the respective net sales in the Far East together, but the two companies in other ways Their business is still operating.

In 1907, Shell Transport and Trading Company in the business of serious difficulties forced to agree with the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and its acceptance in the group account for 40% of the shares, the formal establishment of the Royal Dutch / Shell Licensing group.

1910 to 1915, the group of companies have been in British Borneo, Mexico, Venezuela to find oil and put into proction, at the same time from Romania, Russia, Egypt and Trinidad has to buy some oil fields and build a sales network in the Middle East Turkey to buy the oil company (that is, later Iraq's oil) 25% of the shares. Group of companies which have been set up in the United States that oil loksa (Roxana Petroleum Co.) California, and Shell. To 1920, the group's oil storage and distribution network extended to many countries and regions.

Shell Group in 1915 in the United States, the first refinery proction.

In 1925 Canada set up Shell Canada (SheII Canada).

1929 Iraq oil company set up in the Middle East, Shell Group of companies involved in the 23.75 percent stake. At the same time, the Group's business graally from the upstream oil business to expand oil refining and chemical instry in many countries around the world to build a refinery and chemical plant. Mekog company in 1928 in the Netherlands built using coke oven gas proction of nitrogen fertilizer, which is the first time Shell Group of chemicals cause to invest. 1929 Shell Chemical Company in the United States to set up, use of natural gas for the proction of nitrogen fertilizer.

To the 1938 Shell Group's oil proction has reached 27,500,000 tons more than in 1920, an increase of 34.8 times, representing the world's crude oil proction was 10%. Since the 1940s, Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies in the world's major oil-consuming large-scale construction of the refinery area, and actively expand the sales network, while continuing to search for new oil and gas resources, business development has been unprecedented.

Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1954 in the New York Stock Exchange.

In 1959 the company of the Group of Groningen in the Netherlands found that the world's largest natural gas fields; Oman in 1962 found that the commercial exploitation of the value of the oil; in 1966, Friedman was found in the northern North Sea gas field (Shell share 50%); In 1970 in the North Sea oil field discovered in the north; North West Shelf in Australia found that large-scale offshore gas field.

1969 Shell International Gas Corporation to set up.

In 1974, Shell International Limited to set up coal.

Shell in 1975 to set up an international trading company, with the Shell oil company and third-party trade.

Since 1973, the first time Brunei to Japan's large-scale liquefied natural gas transport, started in 1983 by the Malaysian shipping liquefied natural gas to Japan, Australia to Japan in 1989 of shipping liquefied natural gas operations have begun.

In 1989, the group of companies in the Gulf of Mexico in 1350 feet deep into the 1615 feet high drilling platform; Shell Oil in 1991 to detect the use of satellites in the region, 3100 feet of water depth record, discovered a large reservoir of potential .

At present, Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies has become the world's largest oil company a multi-national. Second, the organization

Shell Group in the form of organizational structure, see Figure 1.

Royal Dutch / Shell Group, the parent company of the two - Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. were registered in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Although the agreement by the two parent companies merged shares, but have their own decision-making body, to their respective shareholders. The parent is not an integral part of the group, not directly involved in the operation, but the group has the power to appoint the holding company's board of directors and members of the Group's holding company from charging interest. Royal Dutch Petroleum Company has 295,000 shareholders, mainly from the United States (43%), Netherlands (41%) and Switzerland (9%): Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. has 270,000 shareholders, mainly from the United Kingdom (96%) and United States (4%). One or two of stock in 8 countries in Europe and the United States stock market transactions.

Group 3 by the holding company - Dutch Shell Petroleum Company Limited, United Kingdom and the United States, Shell Oil Co. Shell Oil Co., Ltd. - as well as their direct or indirect ownership stake in the business or service companies.

7. 機油型號分類

汽車機油知識】①機油型號含義②機油型號及分類③機油型號解釋

（閱讀後會基本理解機油型號與使用規程）

①機油型號含義
機油型號含義
（內部培訓資料）
SAE英文美國汽車工程師協會縮寫家能看見機油罐會有SAE40SAE50 或SAE15W-40SAE5W-40這樣標記它代表美國汽車工程師協會粘度等級W代表冬季使用機油前面數值越代表可供使用環境溫度越橫後面數值則代表非冬季使用系列數值越可供使用環境溫度越象SAE40SAE50這樣只有組數值單級機油能在寒冷冬季使用象SAE15W-40SAE5W-40這樣兩組數值都有這就代表這種機油先進"級機油"適合從溫到溫廣泛區域粘度值會隨溫度變化給予發動機全面保護般說來可依據車輛所在常年氣溫選擇機油具體推薦如
級油優點:
1.全年使用延發動機壽命減磨損（減冷啟動引起磨
2.提燃油經濟性
3.降潤滑油消耗
4.減磨損
5.提供良溫潤滑性
6.換油期
7.數重負荷發動機製造商推薦
API美國石油學會英文縮寫API等級代表發動機油質量等級它採用簡單代碼來描述發動機機油工作能力
API發動機油分為兩類"S"系列代表汽油發動機用油"C"系列代表柴油發動機用油當"S""C"兩個字母同時存在則表示此機油為汽柴通用型如"S"在前則主要用於汽油發動機反之則主要用於柴油發動機
從"SA"直到"SJ"每遞增個字母機油性能都會優於前種機油中會有用來保護發動機添加劑
從SA直到SL,每遞增個字母機油性能都會優於前種機油中會有用來保護發動機添加劑字母越靠後質量等級越國際品牌中機油級別SF級別以
目前市場發動機機油分為礦物機油合成機油兩者區別在於基礎油同礦物油基礎油從原油中提煉合成油基礎油則通過化學合成與礦物油相比合成油抗溫氧化抗粘度變化抗磨損能力強
合成油粘度變化受氣溫影響所以既能在溫環境中流動順暢也能在溫環境中保持適當粘度減發動機磨損另外合成油提煉純度在發動機持續溫運作易氧化分解產生油泥積碳其劣化速度比礦物油慢50%使用時效也般使用礦物油車行駛5000公里就必須換油而合成機油其換油里程可延至8000-10000公里
機油組成
機油主要可分為基礎油添加劑兩部分
基礎油:
(1)礦物油—Mineral
從原油中提煉而成,此種基礎油因受限於原油先天性質,原油來源,煉制技術,成本等等,在黏度指數,流動點氧化穩定度方面便有定限制要靠添加劑來改善
(2)合成油—Synthetic
就把礦物基礎油用酯類(Easter)或聚烯類(PAOPoly-Alfa-Olefine)來取代,再添加劑參配,就合成機油,而若基礎油全用酯類或聚烯類取代,便稱為全合成機油(Fully-Synthetic Oil)若只有用部分則稱為半合成機油(Partial-Synthetic Oil)
(3)植物油--Vegetable
顧名思義就從植物所提煉而成,如黃豆油(Soybeam Oil)篦麻油(Castor Oil),而castor oil使用較廣泛,因為它能夠在鐵或鋼表面形成層薄膜,現在有些試驗性賽車用油即採用植物油
(4)動物油—Animal
通常用在齒輪潤滑,如抹香鯨油(Sperm Oil)有非常良抗磨抗壓特性,它用於數有限度滑動差速器至於真正發揮機油功能添加劑,則為配合同基礎油化學特性而稍作調整外,其功效完全相同
添加劑:
(1)清凈劑--Detergent
發動機在溫操作時會產生結膠(Vanish)積碳(Carbon)現象,這些必須靠機油中清凈劑來清除,其成分為金屬鹽類
(2)驅散劑--Dispersant--或稱分散劑
發動機在溫操作時,如非速時間行駛,會產生所謂油泥(Sludge)為防止其產生,機油中必須添加驅散劑,將油泥均勻分散在機油中避免油泥沉積在機油濾清器,汽門推桿及活塞環,造成潤滑油路順而致使未被潤滑部分造成磨損
(3)抗氧化劑--Anti-Oxidant
機油在發動機溫,特別容易與空氣造成氧化反應,機油氧化之後顏色會加深,黏度會提,因而增加機油泵及發動機負荷,同時氧化之後產生有機酸也會腐蝕發動機零件,因此保持機油氧化穩定性重要,尤其在極溫渦輪發動機
(4)防銹添加劑--Anti-Rust Additive
為防止引擎金屬零件生銹,理所當然必須添加防銹劑,此種添加劑成份均含有極性基(Polar Radical),利用分子間極性吸附於金屬表面,保護金屬免受空氣,水分及鹽分侵蝕而生銹
(5)抗腐蝕添加劑--Anti-Corrosion Additive
與防銹添加劑樣,但前者用於保護鐵族金屬(Ferrous Metal)之零件而後者則用於保護非鐵金屬(Non-Ferrous Metal)合金(Alloy)零件免於硫份有機酸之腐蝕
(6)黏度指數改善劑--Viscosity Index Improver
基礎油受限於原油之本質,其黏度指數只能藉提煉製程改善至定程度之後便須靠黏度指數改善劑,也因為黏度指數改善劑發明才有復級黏度機油產生
(7)流動點抑制劑--Pour Point Depressnat--又稱流動點降劑
所謂流動點就測定某特定油料,當其開始能流動那點溫度,便流動點,機油中或或都會有些蠟成份(蠟雖然在基礎油煉制時已經用溶劑消除,但仍然能達100%),而這些蠟在溫旦成為晶體固結時,會阻止機油流動,為使引擎在冬天能夠順利啟動,必須在機油中添加抑制劑使流動點降,阻止蠟份結晶,而適應寒冷氣候
(8)抗磨損添加劑--Anti-War Additive
引擎在溫壓情況會出現所謂介面潤滑(Boundary Lubrication)情況,也就金屬活動面在熱膨脹情況,將油膜擠開,而形成金屬與金屬之間直接摩擦,為防止這種情況產生,必須添加抗磨損添加劑這種添加劑在接觸金屬時,便發生化學作用,而產生層保護膜來保護金屬使之在彼此接觸時免於磨損
(9)消泡劑--Anti-Foaming Agent
機油在發動機內被反復攪動,自然會產生泡沫,而有泡沫方就沒有油膜方,發動機便失去保護,而另方面,有泡沫方,同時也代表與空氣接觸面增,也加速其氧化,因此需添加消泡劑以避免泡沫之產生
(10)染色劑--Dye
其功能有:1.識別用,如汽車之自動變速箱油(ATF:Automatic Transmission Fluid)均染成紅色,以便漏油時有利辨識維修 2.行銷廣告用,例如日本行程機油部分都染成淡藍色或紅色除美觀外,並可用以廣告其潤滑油中之基礎油精練程度,顏色淡,才有可能染色
(11)鹼性添加劑--Alkaline Additive
又稱總鹼價提升劑(Total Base Number Booster)其作用在於提潤滑油中鹼性物質劑量其功效即中燃料(汽,柴油)中所含之硫份因燃燒後產生酸性硫化物免汽缸內壁(Cylinder Wall)及活塞環(Piston Ring)等被這些酸性物質所腐蝕
(12)極壓添加劑--Extreme Pressure Additive
為硫化物,氯或磷之添加劑,在發生介面潤滑時,能給予金屬良保護其能防止金屬面發生鎔接(Welding),崩蝕(Spalling),及咬痕(Galling)等等,如市面常有些潤滑油或油精廣告宣稱在轉動金屬能夠承受壓力,此類便半靠極壓添加劑功用
(13)乳化劑--Emulsifying Agent
乳化劑目在使潤滑油中水分產生乳化現象,防止水分金屬表面接觸而產生腐蝕作用,常用乳化劑有菜仔油,牛油,金屬皂鹽等等
(14)中度極壓添加劑--Mid Extreme Pressure Improver
般為極性化合物,對金屬表面起化學作用,但分子端附於金屬表面極難分辨,所以能承受負荷比純礦物油來,也可以稱為油性劑(Oiliness Agent)
(15)完全極壓添加劑--Full Extreme Pressure Improver
數完全極壓添加劑含有硫磺,氯化磷化合物適合添加在負荷而且摩擦速度快潤滑油,但只有在遇到重負荷時候極性油膜被破產生溫,而此溫時完全極壓添加劑才會發生作用而形成化合物,在摩擦面之間形成層固體潤滑劑,代替已經破液體油膜,般極壓添加劑都有緩液體油膜被破效果,故亦稱為油膜增強劑

②機油型號及分類

機油型號及分類
比如 SG 10W/30 含義分解如
SG 美國石油學會（API）汽油機油質量標准個等級
等級 使用對象 油品性能
SA 般負荷汽油機 要求添加劑提供保護老式發動機
SB 中負荷汽油機 加入某些抗氧劑與抗磨劑
SC 用於1964—1967年生產汽油車加入清靜分散劑與抗氧抗腐劑要求防銹抗磨及抗溫沉積性能
SD 用於1968—1971年生產汽油車具有減溫油泥與防銹性能
SE 用於1972年以後生產汽油車具有溫抗氧化及抗溫油泥性
SF 用於1980年以後生產汽油車 具有比SE抗氧化及抗磨性能
SG 用於1989年以後生產汽油車 具有比SF分散性及抗氧化性能
SJ 用於1994年以後生產汽油車具有比SG性能試用於年出廠汽車重節省燃料降油泥生成
注意SC→SD→SE→S→SG→SH→SJ隨機油級別增它添加劑加入量也會隨增加
10W美國汽車工程師協會（SAE） J300—1984機油粘度分級冬季級別
0W 5W 10W 15W 20W 25W
30 美國汽車工程師協會（SAE） J300—1984機油粘度分級夏季級別
20 30 40 50 60
象這種機油（SG 10W/30等）也稱為級油級機油其油品粘溫性能（潤滑油粘度隨溫度變化特性成為粘溫性）在溫度范圍跨度時粘度變化可在定區冬夏通用年季都可使用油品如5W/30 10W/30等級有具有良溫啟動性能氣溫較能使發動機順利啟動防止發動機磨損且節約燃料
級油中W表示含義機油牌號中W英語冬天（winter）第個字母因此即表示冬天意思凡在機油中有W適合在冬季使用
既適合冬季使用又能夏季使用全天候使用機油故稱為級油
級油中W 前數字表示機油溫流動性數字越溫流動性越分數數字則表示機油溫粘度即100℃時粘度數字越機油溫粘度越
各種油品溫度適用范圍
SAE 5W/30 -35——+30℃ 5W/30中30表示溫度級別但30#級別機油適用范圍自然環境 溫度30℃以以各點溫度同
SAE 10W/30 -25——+30℃
SAE 15W/40 -20——+40℃
SAE 20W/40 -15——+40℃
SAE 30 -10——+30℃
SAE 40 10——+40℃
綜所述我們可以看到汽車潤滑油摩托車潤滑油使用個標准同標號油品（即使個同個牌子產品）在相同溫度它們粘度等各項指標完全相同存在誰比誰稀與稠問題（溫油品粘度變稀會對發動機有危害面會有解答）汽車摩托車水箱溫度都能超過100℃（SAE粘度標准測定也為100℃環境進行）即保證兩者發動機溫度也保證油箱溫度為發動機提供正常潤滑當然摩托車與汽車工作環境確實存在同但API分級SAE粘度測定包括內容如酸值傾點灰分總鹼值閃點等項目個級別有個級別標准而現在摩托車潤滑油與汽車潤滑油使用個標准這說明同廠家同牌子同標號同級別摩托車潤滑油與汽車潤滑油廠家相同牌子相同粘度相同級別相同
機油粘度對車影響
機油粘度越越這種觀點對
粘度過會造成
1發動機溫啟動困難在發動機溫啟動油太慢油壓雖但機油通過量並油泵送性差發動機自啟動到機油進入摩擦面這段時間磨損量增加
2清洗作用差機油粘度油循環速度慢通過濾清器次數也就減能及時把磨損來金屬磨削炭粒塵土等雜質從摩擦面帶走
3冷卻作用差機油粘度流動性差循環速度慢從摩擦表面帶走熱量速度也就慢易使發動機過熱
4殘炭粘度過它殘炭顆粒就凝固點就容易堵塞油路
機油粘度過危害
1油膜夠容易破在溫摩擦表面易形成足夠厚度油膜油膜承受力差在載荷作用容易別破使機件到正常潤滑增加磨損
2密封粘度過密封性就差汽缸容易漏氣僅會使功率降還易使廢氣竄入油箱使機油稀釋污染
3增機油消耗量機油粘度密封容易使汽缸壁機油竄入燃燒室造成機油燃燒但增加機油消耗量還造成燃燒室積碳增加發動機功率降
因此要選擇適宜粘度在零件摩擦表面能夠形成足夠厚度油膜
換機油
要進行徹底換因原來機油含有微雜質或質量降以及新加油品原來同牌子同標號機油因兩種油品使用基礎油添加劑可能同因此會造成機油過早變質失去作用還有即使同廠家同牌子同標號機油也會有基礎油添加劑同徹底換機油步驟如
1放油應趁熱放出舊油
2清洗放凈舊油後加入新機油數量相當與油麵1/3然後急速運轉3分鍾將油放凈
3加油加入新機油規定刻度
希望以內容能給同樣騎驢代步朋友們使用機油帶來方便
另外10W-3010W-40都能適用-18攝氏度以溫度但在在零5-10攝氏度以確實已能感覺10W-40比10W-30要明顯稠些(雖然10W這個溫參數樣)

③機油型號解釋

機油型號解釋
首先簡單說可以這樣理解……
15表示冬天時機油黏度為15號40表示夏天機油時相當於40號機油黏度
1.冬季用油牌號分別為0W5W10W15W20W25W
符號W代表冬季Winter(冬天)縮寫
W前數字越溫粘度越溫流動性越適用最氣溫越
2.夏季用油牌號分別為20304050數字越其粘度越適用最氣溫越

3.冬夏通用油牌號分別為
5W／20 5W/30 5W／40 5W／50
10W／20 10W／30 10W／40 10W／50
15W／20 15W／30 15W／40 15W／50
20W／20 20W／30 20W／40 20W/50

代表冬用部分數字越代表夏季部分數字越者粘度越適用氣溫范圍越
復雜說這樣……
潤滑油黏度使用SAE等級別標識SAE英文美國汽車工程師協會縮寫
例如SAE40SAE50 或SAE15W-40SAE5W-40
W表示winter(冬季)其前面數字越說明機油溫流動性越
代表可供使用環境溫度越在冷啟動時對發動機保護能力越
W後面（橫後面）數字則機油耐溫性指標數值越說明機油在溫保護性能越
較黏度機油對運動系阻力也相對較
但耗費功率增加油耗而且機油溫度會升容易氧化影響冷啟動保護
象SAE40SAE50這樣只有組數值單級機油能在寒冷冬季使用
象SAE15W-40SAE 5W-40這樣兩組數值都有
15表示冬天時機油黏度為15號40表示夏天機油時相當於40號機油黏度
這就代表這種機油先進"級機油"適合從溫到溫廣泛區域
黏度值會隨溫度變化給予發動機全面保護

（SAE） 適用環境溫度（°C）
5w -30°C
10w -25°C
15w -20°C
20w -15°C
30 30°C
40 40°C
50 50°C

級油優點:

1.全年使用延發動機壽命減磨損（減冷啟動引起磨損）
2.提燃油經濟性
3.降潤滑油消耗
4.減磨損
5.提供良溫潤滑性
6.換油期
7.數重負荷發動機製造商推薦
市場中現有機油按SAE法分類單級機油冬季用油有6種夏季用油有4種級機油冬夏通用油有16種
冬季用油牌號分別為 0W5W10W15W20W25W
夏季用油牌號分別為 20304050
冬夏通用油牌號分別為 5W-205W-305W-405W-50
10W-2010W-3010W-4010W-50
15W-2015W-3015W-4015W-50
20W-2020W-3020W-4020W-50
最後附些關於機油指標出處
在機油罐卷標可以看到各種標示般來說較常見到有APl．ACEACCMC等等認證另外較見也有ILSAC以及各車廠自訂認證對於油品．每個人比較奇重點在於哪種油比較優這問題答案定機油品質靠述機構所通過認證來判別每種認證都有同規范等級區別而測試方法就在特定點以特定引擎進行各項代表實際行車狀況模擬試驗．並在定時間內完成測試後將引擎分解然後檢測積碳油污腐蝕及磨損等』情況再與標准樣本做比較說這么其實各廠牌基礎油技術與品質相差而各加添加劑成分配方就變成油品指針各油廠會將生產油品送到具有公信力機構測試與認證所以這些機構認證標志就成機油品質優劣指針
(1)API:
API最常見機油國際認證規范標示American Petroleum lnstitute美國石油工程學會縮寫．通過APl測試認證油品可以在機油瓶身標打API雙環標志它區分機油等級標准主要依據油品溫流動性溫清凈性擴散過濾性氧化穩定性耐磨耗性防腐蝕及防銹性．觸媒兼容性以及環保要求(這個部分後面會再提到)．目前共有SASBSCSDSESFSGSHSJSLSL這11種等級以SL等級為最新S所代表汽油引擎．後面英文字母為其等級區別般在罐身所看到標示方式為SJ／CF．斜線後C所指則柴油引擎分級方式與亦同即字母順序越後面所代表等級越
(2)CCMC
原本歐洲油品認證規范組織CCMC在1996年正式改組為ACEACCMC為Coremittee OfCommon Mar—ketAutomobieConstructors亦即"歐洲共同市場汽車製造委員會由CEC負責開發燃料與潤滑油性能試驗方法再由CCMC進行分級CCMC所制訂規格從最級G1起直到最級G4G5G代表汽油引擎．PD代表柴油引擎值注意G4所認證油品局限於溫流動指數10W15W與20W但W後面溫黏度指數則沒有限制而G5所認證油品只包括5W與10W
(3)ACE
ACEA為Association des Constructeurs Europeens Automobiles為原來CCMC改組於1996年1月1日正式稱為ACEA分為A1．A2A3級．ACEA認證規范標准由BMWFlATFORDGMMERCEDS-等車廠共同制訂1996年取代CCMC過目前ACEA與CCMC認證標示仍然並行使用在許油品罐身．我們仍然可以看到這兩種認證規范出現
（以文章及數據來自互聯網本人做個收集整理沒有進行刪改有錯誤之處請及時糾正謝謝）
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【轉帖】日常保養盲區 換機油科學方法

評論轉發 中國網

換機油汽車養護中重要項目也燃油費之外比較筆開支無論通過4S店汽配市場或專業機油品牌養護店換消費者難免都會遇到些消費盲區或者易察覺坑在此我們支幾招力求讓車主能相對透明選擇適合自己消費方式
在4S店換貴但省事
4S店維修員般會推薦車主使用原廠機油並稱這指定機油部分汽車品牌4S店都規定客戶在質保期間用原廠指定機油如果用其他(拷問)品牌油或者在4S店以外方換機油話萬質保期間發動機出現問題予保修
●疑問原廠機油到底什麼油品?
●釋疑本質礦物油但同樣價錢可抵市場半成品油
清華學清華汽車工程開發研究院副教授杜永昌表示從成本角度考慮目前部分4S店都使用礦物油實際4S店利用其在汽車養護市場優勢位對客戶進行誤導從而獲額利潤
誠然4S店提供原廠專用機油基本符合該品牌車輛發動機使用要求供應假冒偽劣產品幾率也車主可以放心使用但在4S店換礦物油價錢足以在市場買到半合成機油
廣本花鄉店售後服務經理姜勇表示其原廠機油實際機油供應商根據各廠家自身發動機特點在某品牌機油基礎加入適當比例具備抗溫防腐等作用添加劑這種打標識原廠機油本質仍礦物油只加入度身定做添加劑配方
目前許4S店也會向車主推薦優質全合成機油但同樣品牌4S店比機油品牌專營店價格約1/3
●支招換前咨詢清楚換後檢查保養明細
有4S店在首保期間給客戶免費換機油時用原廠機油但當客戶需要自費換時則會推薦或直接換價格半合成或全合成油
車主在自費換前最問清楚可選擇機油品種及價格換完畢後仔細檢查費用明細建議保留首保時單據可以對比原廠機油合成油價格相差再根據情況選擇
除賓士奧迪等端品牌車型把殼牌嘉實等品牌產品作為指定機油外般家用轎車用普通礦物油就可以
●盲區舊機油故意放完私留部分新機油
●支招放油時在旁看10分鍾換後要求出示用完機油瓶

部分信譽佳維修站數4S店維修工會偷機油即舊機油故意放完添加新機油時就必加滿4升造成結余他們般會私吞掉1至2升
實際舊機油完全放干凈太可能般誤差在0.5L范圍內屬於正常有時間話建議車主看工人打開油堵完全放完舊機油再離開這個時間最也會超過10分鍾
另外如4S店沒有主動出示用完機油空瓶車主有權要求出示檢查
汽配城淘貨便宜但風險
汽配用品城無疑家認為淘便宜貨方但在魚龍混雜汽配用品市場充斥為數水貨假貨
廣州某汽車維護公司陳總工程師告訴記者曾有人以30元個價格到該公司收購美孚殼牌等著名品牌機油包裝瓶可以預料市場會有部分機油假貨存在其中部分打水貨名義銷售
年來在市場銷售水貨機油來自泰國中國台灣等法商家利用人們貪圖便宜又希望到進口機油心態用劣質機油仿冒國外銷售品牌機油其實這種比市場售價半機油實為假貨幾率
旦所謂水貨實為劣質機油因其黏度符各種添加劑足(甚至以舊機油進行過濾脫色完全喪失潤滑功效)將對發動機造成極損害甚至令其報廢這將償失
同時別忘購買明知偷逃稅款產品將有觸犯國家法律風險
找品牌養護店放心且性價比
目前品牌機油都在國內建立自己品牌汽車養護店如果想為些端品牌車型選購較品牌機油到這些養護店購買產品價格會比4S店概1/3但這些油會比普通礦物油貴
自行購買換需定動手能力
目前有部分車主汽車俱樂部都流行DIY換機油活動之前曾有俱樂部以團購形式向品牌機油總經銷商購買機油折扣這種最省錢方法有4S店舉行過教車主自己換機油比賽有興趣車主可以嘗試

8. 義大利品牌maxmid(瑪斯密締)在淘寶網店搞回饋，有什麼優惠啊

看來上面的MM也是追衣一族，前天我瀏覽淘寶網，無意中進了一家網店「maxmid旗艦店」，主要經營義大利時尚品牌女裝maxmid(瑪斯密締)，正在搞回饋客戶活動，格紋襯衫10月1日至10月8日期間「買一送一」，按價低的一件付款。另外，買一件衛衣，外加一元，送一個精美格紋票夾。看了網上衣服的質量和款式都還不錯，買了就一件，挺劃算的~~
各位MM可以去那兒淘淘，瞅瞅有沒有自己喜歡的女裝。

9. 關於Gulf Oil Spil的英語論文

More evidence of Gulf oil spill washes ashore
By MICHAEL KUNZELMAN Associated Press Writer
NEW ORLEANS (AP) - More dirty evidence of the massive oil spill washed ashore along the Gulf Coast for residents who don't need any more reminders of their frustration over failed efforts to stop the crude gushing from a blown-out undersea well.
In Florida, officials on Thursday closed a quarter-mile stretch of Pensacola Beach not far from the Alabama line when thick pools of oil washed up, the first time a beach in the state has been shut because of the spill. A large patch of oil oozed into Mississippi Sound, the fertile waters between the barrier islands and mainland of a state that has mostly been spared.
The news came as a cap collecting oil from the well was back in place after a deep-sea robot bumped it and engineers concerned about escaping gas removed it for about 10 hours Wednesday.
Even before that latest setback, the government's worst-case estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the oil leaking from the seafloor. And in recent days, the "spillcam" video continued to show gas and oil billowing from the well.
BP's pronouncements that it would soon be able to collect more spewing oil have "absolutely no credibility," Jefferson Parish Councilman John Young said. The latest problem shows "they really are not up to the task and we have more bad news than we have good news."
BP officials said they sympathized and planned to do more.
"For BP, our intent is to restore the Gulf the way it was before it happened," BP PLC managing director Bob Dudley, who has taken over the company's spill operations, said in Washington.
BP shares fell sharply in London on Friday following the company's announcement that the cost of responding to the Gulf of Mexico oil leak has risen to $2.35 billion. The share price dipped as low as 303.6 pence ($4.52) ring morning trading, a 6.3 percent drop.
In other developments:
- The federal judge who struck down the Obama administration's six-month ban on deep-water drilling in the Gulf refused to stay his ruling while the government appeals.
- Environmental groups asked the court to release additional information about U.S. District Judge Martin Feldman's holdings in oil-related stocks.
- Dudley said BP had asked James Lee Witt, director of the Federal Emergency Management Administration ring the Clinton administration, to review its response to the oil spill and recommend improvements.
At nearly every important juncture since the Deepwater Horizon rig exploded April 20, killing 11 workers, the government's and BP's estimates on the size of the spill, its effect on wildlife and the time frame for containing it have spectacularly missed the mark.
On June 8, BP chief operating office Doug Suttles said the spill should be reced to a "relative trickle" in less than a week. BP later said it would take more time for the spill to reach a trickle.
President Barack Obama told the nation last week that as much as 90 percent would soon be captured, saying the company had informed him that was how much of the oil could be kept out of the water within weeks.
"It just doesn't look like that's in the cards," said Ed Overton, a retired professor of environmental science at Louisiana State University. "We're not even close to that, and the word today is that they were capturing less than the day before. I was hoping the president knew something that the rest of us didn't know. I mean, he was talking to the big shots."
BP said Thursday it was graally ramping back up to capture about 700,000 gallons a day with the cap, and burning off an additional 438,000 a day using an incinerator ship. Worst-case government estimates are that about 2.5 million gallons are leaking from the well, though no one really knows for sure.
By mid- to late July, the company hopes to have the capacity to capture up to 3.3 million gallons a day, if that much is flowing, BP spokesman John Curry said.
It cannot all be done immediately, Curry said, because the logistics of positioning four giant ships capable of collecting oil and connecting them to the seafloor are complicated. "There's a limit to the number of ships in the world that do these type of things," he said.
None of those efforts is expected to stop the leak entirely. The soonest that would happen is late August, which is when BP says relief wells being drilled through thousands of feet of rock beneath the seabed will reach the gusher.
August seems a long way off to many.
Along Pensacola Beach, lifeguard Collin Cobia wore a red handkerchief over his nose and mouth to block the oil smell. "It's enough to knock you down," he said.
Others weren't happy about the situation but declined to second-guess the BP engineers.
"I have no clue at all about the correct way to stop it," said Rocky Ditcharo, a seafood dock owner in Louisiana's Plaquemines Parish. "`Powerless' - that's a good word for it."
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Associated Press writers Lisa Leff, Cara Rubinsky and Cain Burdeau in New Orleans, Holbrook Mohr in Pass Christian, Miss., and Matthew Daly in Washington, and AP photographer Dave Martin in Pensacola Beach, Fla., contributed to this report.
2010-06-25 10:55:31 GMT