女装品牌midoil

1. 比尔总是熬夜工作的同义句。用英语怎么说

Billalwaysstayupallnight.

• 关于“熬夜”的各种地道说法吧。

1.stayup熬夜

eg：.今晚我不想睡觉，等着看深夜电视节目。

eg：.即使通宵不眠，我也要把这台收音机修好。

2.Burnthemidnightoil(熬夜)

以前的人都是用油灯来照明，如果有人在深夜时分燃点灯油，即表示那个人仍在努力的埋头苦干。现今，我们已不会再燃点油灯，但是这意思依然保留下来，因而有Burnthemidnightoil这个成语的出现。

Burnthemidnightoil

是指通宵达旦地工作，亦即是我们所谓的开夜车。要Burnthemidnightoil

的时候，实在是一件令人劳累的事，那么，大家就要小心身体了！

eg:“Angelaisaworkaholic..Angela是一个工作狂，她时常也在通宵工作。

3.相关成语

Pullanallnighter与Burnthemidnightoil的意思相通。如：

..”（老师不会鼓励学生在试前才温书至深夜，他们应该上课时专心听书才对。）

.我昨晚熬夜看了世界杯决赛。

Latehoursdon'tagreewithme.我不习惯熬夜。（keeplatehours晚睡晚起）

Didyouburnthemid-nightoilagainlastnight?你昨晚又熬夜了吗？

It'.他经常晚上熬夜。

.有些人宁可熬夜，也不早睡。

Heisanightowl.他是个夜猫子。

.长期熬夜使她筋疲力竭。

Collegestudentsoftenpullanall-nighterattheendofasemester.一到学期末，学生们就经常通宵学习。

2. 这次绝对不会再弄错了。 burning mid-night oil 的意思

通宵达旦地工作 或 开夜车

3. 高分求翻译，@@悬赏100分，谢谢各位了！不要在线翻译

Shampoo has a major role in removing dandruff,Oil baked features,prevent hair loss,make hair supple,prevent hair bifurcation,be hair care,remove itching and so on.
There are main competitor currently available in the market " Flower "which are brand rejoice、panting、VidalSassoon 、hazel line、head-shoulders、versace、shouwu、dongyanghua and so on . In the market through some of the major brands of color packaging, I found that each has its own well-known procts of the main color. For example: ‘VidalSassoon’ red and black,'Rejoice' white and blue, 'Panting' red, 'yikalu' green,So i chose the distinctive pink, At the same time this is the same as the color of the flowers. Another survey that regardless of Sassoon are from the design and advertising to consumers are a professional atmosphere Chhnang and then take the " Dedicated men " line to the main consumer target for the delineation of the broad masses of compatriots in men.Overlord Shampoo by virtue of "family medicine" which is strong supportted of Chinese medicine was made details of the proposed pharmacological efficacy, such as itching、Removal of dandruff, Piaorou which are well-known function of lubricating . So a good proct must have the advantage to victory, The flower is a mid-range procts, If you want to occupation market,you must lock it the best part of the target population,.Therefore, the price of shampoo is a very imortant factor.Consumers are most in need of cheap, value for money procts. At present, prices of brand shampoo are or less the same. For example, a bottle of 200ML of 'rejoice' shampoo or ' Herbal medicine' shampoo in the prices of around 18RMB. 200ML bottle of shampoo which can be used 2 months by a person , it would cost 108 yuan to buy shampoo.This price for the current month's general revenue at 600 yuan for consumers is acceptable. According to the unit price of the purchase rate statistics, 20 yuan at about 200 milliliters of shampoo to buy the largest space. Therefore, the current prices for those brands and features similar but cheaper procts will no doubt have a very big market. Due to compete on price, taking into account the "Flower 5" baked Oil Shampoo for the target consumer group 18 to 35 female consumers, so the criteria listed retail price of 200ml - 16.8 RMB
I designed a poster of composition and colors are a bit simple, posters of the main color is pink.It look like just right over a simple interface’ with a small number of petals, giving the overall impression of the first bright and warm feeling. Its brand name of " flowers " is refer to a good girl.The meaning of forshine5 a registered English trademark is bright. Therefore, on posters in the main to reflect the young women prefer the color pink. To give customers a transparent image of Release. At the same time, 'flowers' unique plant collagen-conditioning and moisturizing factor RMT to quickly penetrate to the depths of the hair and scalp hair to provide nutrients and to effectively improve the quality of the hair. It has a unique formula dispel dandruff ZPT factor to remove debris mild dandruff to drive out effective natural hair fresh and cool. I will also feature the posters done in a certain amount of publicity. It has aroma of flowers, fresh lasting, pleasant aroma! Audience groups are applicable to the wider public.
1'Flower' shampoo the package is very delicate.It is so Fine work. It is using high hardness plasticcolor , using downy , properly sealed tight, no crack and the words are printed clearly.
2. Fragrance. The “Flower” shampoo fragrance is very light and close to nature, no stimulation nose and after use left smell.3. Foam,the “Flower” shampoo is very easy to generate foam. Use a little can generate foam, and foam average.4. Easy to wash clean. When washing is very easy to wash clean and not sticky the hand feeling. 5.The at last feeling.When you use up,you can feel that the hair is lightsome and natural smooth, there won't be combed through the phenomenon.
All “Flower” information are showed in my poster.That enable customers to understand better promotion the brand “Flower 5”.

4. 机油都有哪些型号

汽车机油的型号：APISM/CF5W-40

SA、SB、SC、SD、SE、SF、SG、SH、SJ、SL等级。SL是目前世界品质级别最高级别的机油

SA级别：就用于 1930 年代初期，纯矿物油，不含添加剂。

SB级别： 194O 年代后期，首只含添加剂的机油，含有些防锈剂及防氧化剂。

SC级别：1964 提供防止高温及低温沉积、磨损、锈蚀及腐蚀的保护。

SD级别： 1968 表现比SC机油好。

SE级别： 1972 更多防止氧化、锈蚀、腐蚀及高温沉积的保护。

SF级别： 1980实施，防油泥、防积污、酸安定性、耐磨性等优於SE氧化稳定性较SE为佳。

SG级别：1989年实施，耐磨性、耐高温、抗氧化性、清净性、防油泥、分散性等优於SF。对发动机沉积、机油氧化及发动机磨损的控制较SF为佳。

SH 1992年制订，1993 测试通过程序较SG严格.1994年实施，SH规范内容与SG相同，但SG对於送测时不合格项目可以日后补测直到全部合格为止，而SH送测时必须一次全部合格。

(4)女装品牌midoil扩展阅读：

从各级别机油的应用上看，美国石油学会在依汽车的发展，使用条件及排放的要求，在不断的提高机油的级别。记得2000年修车时，桑塔纳加的机油是SF级别的，国产面包车加注是SE级别的级

油。从API定义机油的级别来看，SE和SF分别是API于1972年和1980年实施的，产于1984年的桑塔纳采用的是德国70年低的技术。从机油的使用级别来看，国产汽车落后世界20年一点不为过。

关于型号里的10W-40，指的是机油的粘度等级，全称应为SAE10W-40，其中SAW是美国汽车工程师学会的英文缩写。说明机油的粘度等级是由美国汽车工程师学会制定的。分为两个粘度等级：低温粘度等级和高温粘度等级。

5. come over to my home for Mid-autumn Festival的 Mid-autumn Festival前不加the吗为什么

你自己选择！~

◆第一种

The joyous Mid-Autumn Festival was celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth moon，around the time of the autumn equinox（秋分）. Many referred to it simply as the “Fifteenth of the Eighth Moon”.

This day was also considered as a harvest festival since fruits，vegetables and grain had been harvested by this time and food was abundant. Food offerings were placed on an altar set up in the courtyard. Apples，pears，peaches，grapes，pomegranates（石榴），melons，oranges and pomelos（柚子）might be seen. Special foods for the festival included moon cakes，cooked taro（芋头）and water caltrope（菱角），a type of water chestnut resembling black buffalo horns. Some people insisted that cooked taro be included because at the time of creation，taro was the first food discovered at night in the moonlight. Of all these foods，it could not be omitted from the Mid-Autumn Festival.

The round moon cakes，measuring about three inches in diameter and one and a half inches in thickness，resembled Western fruitcakes in taste and consistency. These cakes were made with melon seeds（西瓜子），lotus seeds（莲籽），almonds（杏仁），minced meats，bean paste，orange peels and lard（猪油）. A golden yolk（蛋黄）from a salted ck egg was placed at the center of each cake，and the golden brown crust was decorated with symbols of the festival. Traditionally，thirteen moon cakes were piled in a pyramid to symbolize the thirteen moons of a “complete year，” that is，twelve moons plus one intercalary（闰月的）moon.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional festivity for both the Han and minority nationalities. The custom of worshipping the moon can be traced back as far as the ancient Xia and Shang Dynasties（2000 B.C.-1066 B.C.）. In the Zhou Dynasty（1066 B.C.-221 B.C.），people hold ceremonies to greet winter and worship the moon whenever the Mid-Autumn Festival sets in. It becomes very prevalent in the Tang Dynasty（618-907 A.D.）that people enjoy and worship the full moon. In the Southern Song Dynasty（1127-1279 A.D.），however，people send round moon cakes to their relatives as gifts in expression of their best wishes of family reunion. When it becomes dark，they look up at the full silver moon or go sightseeing on lakes to celebrate the festival. Since the Ming（1368-1644 A.D. ）and Qing Dynasties（1644-1911A.D.），the custom of Mid-Autumn Festival celebration becomes unprecedented popular. Together with the celebration there appear some special customs in different parts of the country，such as burning incense（熏香），planting Mid-Autumn trees，lighting lanterns on towers and fire dragon dances. However，the custom of playing under the moon is not so popular as it used to be nowadays，but it is not less popular to enjoy the bright silver moon. Whenever the festival sets in，people will look up at the full silver moon，drinking wine to celebrate their happy life or thinking of their relatives and friends far from home，and extending all of their best wishes to them.

Moon Cakes

There is this story about the moon-cake. ring the Yuan dynasty（A.D. 1280-1368）China was ruled by the Mongolian people. Leaders from the preceding Sung dynasty（A.D. 960-1280）were unhappy at submitting to the foreign rule，and set how to coordinate the rebellion without being discovered. The leaders of the rebellion，knowing that the Moon Festival was drawing near，ordered the making of special cakes. Backed into each moon cake was a message with the outline of the attack. On the night of the Moon Festival，the rebels successfully attached and overthrew the government. Today，moon cakes are eaten to commemorate this legend and was called the Moon Cake.

For generations，moon cakes have been made with sweet fillings of nuts，mashed red beans，lotus-seed paste or Chinese dates（枣子），wrapped in a pastry. Sometimes a cooked egg yolk can be found in the middle of the rich tasting dessert. People compare moon cakes to the plum pudding and fruit cakes which are served in the English holiday seasons.

Nowadays，there are hundreds varieties of moon cakes on sale a month before the arrival of Moon Festival

◆第二种

Mooncakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. The seasonal round cakes traditionally have a sweet filling of lotus seed paste or red bean paste and often have one or more salted ck eggs in the center to represent the moon. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month, it is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. This year the festival falls on October 1.

There are two legends which claim to explain the tradition of eating mooncakes. One Tang Dynasty myth holds that the Earth once had 10 suns circling it. One day all 10 suns appeared at once, scorching the planet with their heat. It was thanks to a skillful archer named Hou Yi that the Earth was saved. He shot down all but one of the suns. As his reward, the Heavenly Queen Mother gave Hou Yi the Elixir of Immortality, but she warned him that he must use it wisely. Hou Yi ignored her advice and, corrupted by fame and fortune, became a tyrannical leader. Chang-Er, his beautiful wife, could no longer stand by and watch him abuse his power so she stole his Elixir and fled to the moon to escape his angry wrath. And thus began the legend of the beautiful woman in the moon, the Moon Fairy.

The second legend has it that ring the Yuan Dynasty, an underground group led by Zhu Yuan Zang was determined to rid the country of Mongolian dominance. The moon cake was created to carry a secret message. When the cake was opened and the message read, an uprising was unleashed which successfully routed the Mongolians. It happened at the time of the full moon, which, some say, explains why mooncakes are eaten at this time.

Mooncakes are usually stamped with Chinese characters indicating the name of the bakery and the type of filling used. Some bakeries will even stamp them with your family name so that you can give personalised ones to friends and family. They are usually presented in boxes of four which indicate the four phases of the moon. Traditional mooncakes are made with melted lard, but today vegetable oil is more often used in the interests of health.
Mooncakes are not for the diet-conscious as they are loaded with calories. The best way to wash down one of these sticky cakes is with a cup of Chinese tea, especially Jasmine or Chrysanthemum tea, which aids the digestion.

中秋节吃月饼就像西方人圣诞节吃百果馅饼一样，是必不可少的。圆圆的月饼中通常包有香甜的莲子馅或是红豆馅，馅的中央还会加上一个金黄的咸鸭蛋黄来代表月亮。而月亮正是中秋节庆祝的主题。每年农历8月15日人们一起庆祝中秋，据说这一天的月亮是一年中最亮最圆的。今年的中秋节恰好是阳历的10月1日（中国的国庆日）。

关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。一个是唐朝的神话故事，说的是当时地球被10个太阳包围着。有一天10个太阳同时出现在天空中，巨大的热量几乎把地球烤焦了。多亏一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9个太阳，地球才被保住。为了奖励后羿，王母娘娘赐给后羿一种长生不老药，但是王母警告他必须正当使用。然而后羿没有理会王母娘娘的警告，他被名利冲昏了头脑，变成了一个暴君。后羿美丽的妻子嫦娥对他的暴行再也不能袖手旁观，于是她偷走了后羿的长生不老药，飞到月亮上逃避后羿的狂怒。从此就有了关于月宫仙子嫦娥，这个月亮上的美丽女人的传说。

第二个传说讲的是在元朝，朱元璋领导的起义军计划起义来摆脱蒙古族的统治。他们用月饼来传递密信。掰开月饼就可以找到里面的密信，起义军通过这种方式成功的发动了起义，赶走了元朝的统治者。这场起义发生在八月十五之时，于是中秋节吃月饼的习俗便在民间传开来。

6. 求一篇英语介绍著名公司的 trends &perfprmance.(高分追加!!)

沃尔玛
Wal-Mart by the United States of retail legend, Mr. Sam Walton in 1962, set up in Arkansas. After forty years of development, Wal-Mart has become the nation's largest private employer and the world's largest retail chain enterprises currently the largest, Wal-Mart around the world opened more than 6,600 stores, the total number of employees more than 180 million people in 14 countries worldwide. Wal-Mart customers per week visit 175 million people. Wal-Mart (WAL-MART) is the world's top 500 enterprises.

In 1991, Wal-Mart's annual sales break 40,000,000,000 U.S. dollars, as the world's large-scale retail businesses. According to the United States in May 1994 "Fortune" magazine published by the U.S. service sector classification list, Wal-Mart's 1993 annual sales of up to 67,340,000,000 U.S. dollars, over the previous year growth of more than 11,800,000,000, more than in 1992 ranked number one Silvan Sri Lanka (Sears), ranks the nation's top retail instry. Wal-Mart's 1995 sales growth, and created a world record in the retail instry, to achieve annual sales of 93,600,000,000 U.S. dollars, in "Fortune" magazine, the nation's largest 95 companies ranked fourth on the list. In fact, Wal-Mart's annual sales equal to the sum of the nation's department stores all, but still maintained a strong momentum of development. So far, Wal-Mart have been 2133 Wal-Mart stores, 469 Sam's Club and Wal-Mart Shopping Plaza, 248, in the United States, Mexico, Canada, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, China, Indonesia, etc.. In a short span of several decades in the case of the rapid development of the retail instry have to say is a miracle.

July 11, 2007 in the United States "wealth" <<fortune>> magazine published in 2007 the world's top 500 list, the U.S. retail king Wal-Mart come back to 351,139,000,000 U.S. dollars annual revenue of more than Exxon Mobil , Leapt to the top again.
埃克森美孚
ExxonMobil is the world's leading oil and petrochemical companies, from John D. Rockefeller created in 1882, is headquartered in the United States, Texas, the text of the city of love. Exxon Mobil, through its affiliated companies around the world in 200 countries and territories, with 86,000 employees, including about 14,000 engineering and technical personnel and scientists. Is the world's largest non-governmental oil and gas procers and is the world's largest non-governmental natural gas distributors; at the same time, the world's largest oil refining business, located in 25 countries and 45 per day refinery, the refining capacity of 6,400,000 barrels per day ; In the world have more than 37,000 gas stations and 1,000,000 in the wholesale and instrial customers; annual sales of more than 150 countries around 28,000,000 tons of petrochemical procts. Company for 85 years or more to obtain credit rating 3A, is the world's keep the record of one of the few companies. "Fortune" magazine this year ranked the nation's largest listed companies in the list, skyrocketing energy prices, the Exxon - Mobil to the 2006 Fortune 500 top.
皇家壳牌石油
Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies is one of the world well-known large-scale multinational oil companies, was founded in 1907, by Royal Dutch Petroleum accounts for 60% of the shares of Shell Transport and Trading Company (UK) accounted for 40% of the shares. The two parent companies are listed companies, Royal Dutch Petroleum shares in Amsterdam, London, New York, Zurich 9, and other cities listed, Shell Transport and Trading Company in London, New York, Paris 5, and other cities listed. 1996 Royal Dutch / Shell Group, the world's 500 largest companies ranked No. 6 in the world's top oil company in an article. The group of companies principally engaged in upstream and downstream oil and chemical business in the world in more than 100 countries and regions have more than 2000 in the company currently employs 101,000 people. Separate group of companies headquartered in The Hague, the Netherlands and London, England, the current Chairman of the German-poetry (CAJHerketroter). First, the development of A Brief History of the Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies was founded in 1907, by Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. jointly formed a multi-national oil companies of the Group.

Shell Transport and Trade Co., Ltd. (Great Britain) was formally established in 1897, after the company's sales in the Far East to build a transportation center, and with the Rothschild Group have signed a long-term contracts to buy oil. Royal Dutch Petroleum (Netherlands), founded in 1890, after a set up in the small Dutch East India Company, to Shell Transport and Trading Company and the competition, the company also established its own distribution network and fleet.

In 1903, after several years of negotiations, the two companies eventually reached an agreement with the Rothschild Group (later quit) together make up the Asia Oil Company, the respective net sales in the Far East together, but the two companies in other ways Their business is still operating.

In 1907, Shell Transport and Trading Company in the business of serious difficulties forced to agree with the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and its acceptance in the group account for 40% of the shares, the formal establishment of the Royal Dutch / Shell Licensing group.

1910 to 1915, the group of companies have been in British Borneo, Mexico, Venezuela to find oil and put into proction, at the same time from Romania, Russia, Egypt and Trinidad has to buy some oil fields and build a sales network in the Middle East Turkey to buy the oil company (that is, later Iraq's oil) 25% of the shares. Group of companies which have been set up in the United States that oil loksa (Roxana Petroleum Co.) California, and Shell. To 1920, the group's oil storage and distribution network extended to many countries and regions.

Shell Group in 1915 in the United States, the first refinery proction.

In 1925 Canada set up Shell Canada (SheII Canada).

1929 Iraq oil company set up in the Middle East, Shell Group of companies involved in the 23.75 percent stake. At the same time, the Group's business graally from the upstream oil business to expand oil refining and chemical instry in many countries around the world to build a refinery and chemical plant. Mekog company in 1928 in the Netherlands built using coke oven gas proction of nitrogen fertilizer, which is the first time Shell Group of chemicals cause to invest. 1929 Shell Chemical Company in the United States to set up, use of natural gas for the proction of nitrogen fertilizer.

To the 1938 Shell Group's oil proction has reached 27,500,000 tons more than in 1920, an increase of 34.8 times, representing the world's crude oil proction was 10%. Since the 1940s, Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies in the world's major oil-consuming large-scale construction of the refinery area, and actively expand the sales network, while continuing to search for new oil and gas resources, business development has been unprecedented.

Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1954 in the New York Stock Exchange.

In 1959 the company of the Group of Groningen in the Netherlands found that the world's largest natural gas fields; Oman in 1962 found that the commercial exploitation of the value of the oil; in 1966, Friedman was found in the northern North Sea gas field (Shell share 50%); In 1970 in the North Sea oil field discovered in the north; North West Shelf in Australia found that large-scale offshore gas field.

1969 Shell International Gas Corporation to set up.

In 1974, Shell International Limited to set up coal.

Shell in 1975 to set up an international trading company, with the Shell oil company and third-party trade.

Since 1973, the first time Brunei to Japan's large-scale liquefied natural gas transport, started in 1983 by the Malaysian shipping liquefied natural gas to Japan, Australia to Japan in 1989 of shipping liquefied natural gas operations have begun.

In 1989, the group of companies in the Gulf of Mexico in 1350 feet deep into the 1615 feet high drilling platform; Shell Oil in 1991 to detect the use of satellites in the region, 3100 feet of water depth record, discovered a large reservoir of potential .

At present, Royal Dutch / Shell group of companies has become the world's largest oil company a multi-national. Second, the organization

Shell Group in the form of organizational structure, see Figure 1.

Royal Dutch / Shell Group, the parent company of the two - Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. were registered in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Although the agreement by the two parent companies merged shares, but have their own decision-making body, to their respective shareholders. The parent is not an integral part of the group, not directly involved in the operation, but the group has the power to appoint the holding company's board of directors and members of the Group's holding company from charging interest. Royal Dutch Petroleum Company has 295,000 shareholders, mainly from the United States (43%), Netherlands (41%) and Switzerland (9%): Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. has 270,000 shareholders, mainly from the United Kingdom (96%) and United States (4%). One or two of stock in 8 countries in Europe and the United States stock market transactions.

Group 3 by the holding company - Dutch Shell Petroleum Company Limited, United Kingdom and the United States, Shell Oil Co. Shell Oil Co., Ltd. - as well as their direct or indirect ownership stake in the business or service companies.

7. 机油型号分类

汽车机油知识】①机油型号含义②机油型号及分类③机油型号解释

（阅读后会基本理解机油型号与使用规程）

①机油型号含义
机油型号含义
（内部培训资料）
SAE英文美国汽车工程师协会缩写家能看见机油罐会有SAE40SAE50 或SAE15W-40SAE5W-40这样标记它代表美国汽车工程师协会粘度等级W代表冬季使用机油前面数值越代表可供使用环境温度越横后面数值则代表非冬季使用系列数值越可供使用环境温度越象SAE40SAE50这样只有组数值单级机油能在寒冷冬季使用象SAE15W-40SAE5W-40这样两组数值都有这就代表这种机油先进"级机油"适合从温到温广泛区域粘度值会随温度变化给予发动机全面保护般说来可依据车辆所在常年气温选择机油具体推荐如
级油优点:
1.全年使用延发动机寿命减磨损（减冷启动引起磨
2.提燃油经济性
3.降润滑油消耗
4.减磨损
5.提供良温润滑性
6.换油期
7.数重负荷发动机制造商推荐
API美国石油学会英文缩写API等级代表发动机油质量等级它采用简单代码来描述发动机机油工作能力
API发动机油分为两类"S"系列代表汽油发动机用油"C"系列代表柴油发动机用油当"S""C"两个字母同时存在则表示此机油为汽柴通用型如"S"在前则主要用于汽油发动机反之则主要用于柴油发动机
从"SA"直到"SJ"每递增个字母机油性能都会优于前种机油中会有用来保护发动机添加剂
从SA直到SL,每递增个字母机油性能都会优于前种机油中会有用来保护发动机添加剂字母越靠后质量等级越国际品牌中机油级别SF级别以
目前市场发动机机油分为矿物机油合成机油两者区别在于基础油同矿物油基础油从原油中提炼合成油基础油则通过化学合成与矿物油相比合成油抗温氧化抗粘度变化抗磨损能力强
合成油粘度变化受气温影响所以既能在温环境中流动顺畅也能在温环境中保持适当粘度减发动机磨损另外合成油提炼纯度在发动机持续温运作易氧化分解产生油泥积碳其劣化速度比矿物油慢50%使用时效也般使用矿物油车行驶5000公里就必须换油而合成机油其换油里程可延至8000-10000公里
机油组成
机油主要可分为基础油添加剂两部分
基础油:
(1)矿物油—Mineral
从原油中提炼而成,此种基础油因受限于原油先天性质,原油来源,炼制技术,成本等等,在黏度指数,流动点氧化稳定度方面便有定限制要靠添加剂来改善
(2)合成油—Synthetic
就把矿物基础油用酯类(Easter)或聚烯类(PAOPoly-Alfa-Olefine)来取代,再添加剂参配,就合成机油,而若基础油全用酯类或聚烯类取代,便称为全合成机油(Fully-Synthetic Oil)若只有用部分则称为半合成机油(Partial-Synthetic Oil)
(3)植物油--Vegetable
顾名思义就从植物所提炼而成,如黄豆油(Soybeam Oil)篦麻油(Castor Oil),而castor oil使用较广泛,因为它能够在铁或钢表面形成层薄膜,现在有些试验性赛车用油即采用植物油
(4)动物油—Animal
通常用在齿轮润滑,如抹香鲸油(Sperm Oil)有非常良抗磨抗压特性,它用于数有限度滑动差速器至于真正发挥机油功能添加剂,则为配合同基础油化学特性而稍作调整外,其功效完全相同
添加剂:
(1)清净剂--Detergent
发动机在温操作时会产生结胶(Vanish)积碳(Carbon)现象,这些必须靠机油中清净剂来清除,其成分为金属盐类
(2)驱散剂--Dispersant--或称分散剂
发动机在温操作时,如非速时间行驶,会产生所谓油泥(Sludge)为防止其产生,机油中必须添加驱散剂,将油泥均匀分散在机油中避免油泥沉积在机油滤清器,汽门推杆及活塞环,造成润滑油路顺而致使未被润滑部分造成磨损
(3)抗氧化剂--Anti-Oxidant
机油在发动机温,特别容易与空气造成氧化反应,机油氧化之后颜色会加深,黏度会提,因而增加机油泵及发动机负荷,同时氧化之后产生有机酸也会腐蚀发动机零件,因此保持机油氧化稳定性重要,尤其在极温涡轮发动机
(4)防锈添加剂--Anti-Rust Additive
为防止引擎金属零件生锈,理所当然必须添加防锈剂,此种添加剂成份均含有极性基(Polar Radical),利用分子间极性吸附于金属表面,保护金属免受空气,水分及盐分侵蚀而生锈
(5)抗腐蚀添加剂--Anti-Corrosion Additive
与防锈添加剂样,但前者用于保护铁族金属(Ferrous Metal)之零件而后者则用于保护非铁金属(Non-Ferrous Metal)合金(Alloy)零件免于硫份有机酸之腐蚀
(6)黏度指数改善剂--Viscosity Index Improver
基础油受限于原油之本质,其黏度指数只能藉提炼制程改善至定程度之后便须靠黏度指数改善剂,也因为黏度指数改善剂发明才有复级黏度机油产生
(7)流动点抑制剂--Pour Point Depressnat--又称流动点降剂
所谓流动点就测定某特定油料,当其开始能流动那点温度,便流动点,机油中或或都会有些蜡成份(蜡虽然在基础油炼制时已经用溶剂消除,但仍然能达100%),而这些蜡在温旦成为晶体固结时,会阻止机油流动,为使引擎在冬天能够顺利启动,必须在机油中添加抑制剂使流动点降,阻止蜡份结晶,而适应寒冷气候
(8)抗磨损添加剂--Anti-War Additive
引擎在温压情况会出现所谓接口润滑(Boundary Lubrication)情况,也就金属活动面在热膨胀情况,将油膜挤开,而形成金属与金属之间直接摩擦,为防止这种情况产生,必须添加抗磨损添加剂这种添加剂在接触金属时,便发生化学作用,而产生层保护膜来保护金属使之在彼此接触时免于磨损
(9)消泡剂--Anti-Foaming Agent
机油在发动机内被反复搅动,自然会产生泡沫,而有泡沫方就没有油膜方,发动机便失去保护,而另方面,有泡沫方,同时也代表与空气接触面增,也加速其氧化,因此需添加消泡剂以避免泡沫之产生
(10)染色剂--Dye
其功能有:1.识别用,如汽车之自动变速箱油(ATF:Automatic Transmission Fluid)均染成红色,以便漏油时有利辨识维修 2.行销广告用,例如日本行程机油部分都染成淡蓝色或红色除美观外,并可用以广告其润滑油中之基础油精练程度,颜色淡,才有可能染色
(11)碱性添加剂--Alkaline Additive
又称总碱价提升剂(Total Base Number Booster)其作用在于提润滑油中碱性物质剂量其功效即中燃料(汽,柴油)中所含之硫份因燃烧后产生酸性硫化物免汽缸内壁(Cylinder Wall)及活塞环(Piston Ring)等被这些酸性物质所腐蚀
(12)极压添加剂--Extreme Pressure Additive
为硫化物,氯或磷之添加剂,在发生接口润滑时,能给予金属良保护其能防止金属面发生镕接(Welding),崩蚀(Spalling),及咬痕(Galling)等等,如市面常有些润滑油或油精广告宣称在转动金属能够承受压力,此类便半靠极压添加剂功用
(13)乳化剂--Emulsifying Agent
乳化剂目在使润滑油中水分产生乳化现象,防止水分金属表面接触而产生腐蚀作用,常用乳化剂有菜仔油,牛油,金属皂盐等等
(14)中度极压添加剂--Mid Extreme Pressure Improver
般为极性化合物,对金属表面起化学作用,但分子端附于金属表面极难分辨,所以能承受负荷比纯矿物油来,也可以称为油性剂(Oiliness Agent)
(15)完全极压添加剂--Full Extreme Pressure Improver
数完全极压添加剂含有硫磺,氯化磷化合物适合添加在负荷而且摩擦速度快润滑油,但只有在遇到重负荷时候极性油膜被破产生温,而此温时完全极压添加剂才会发生作用而形成化合物,在摩擦面之间形成层固体润滑剂,代替已经破液体油膜,般极压添加剂都有缓液体油膜被破效果,故亦称为油膜增强剂

②机油型号及分类

机油型号及分类
比如 SG 10W/30 含义分解如
SG 美国石油学会（API）汽油机油质量标准个等级
等级 使用对象 油品性能
SA 般负荷汽油机 要求添加剂提供保护老式发动机
SB 中负荷汽油机 加入某些抗氧剂与抗磨剂
SC 用于1964—1967年生产汽油车加入清静分散剂与抗氧抗腐剂要求防锈抗磨及抗温沉积性能
SD 用于1968—1971年生产汽油车具有减温油泥与防锈性能
SE 用于1972年以后生产汽油车具有温抗氧化及抗温油泥性
SF 用于1980年以后生产汽油车 具有比SE抗氧化及抗磨性能
SG 用于1989年以后生产汽油车 具有比SF分散性及抗氧化性能
SJ 用于1994年以后生产汽油车具有比SG性能试用于年出厂汽车重节省燃料降油泥生成
注意SC→SD→SE→S→SG→SH→SJ随机油级别增它添加剂加入量也会随增加
10W美国汽车工程师协会（SAE） J300—1984机油粘度分级冬季级别
0W 5W 10W 15W 20W 25W
30 美国汽车工程师协会（SAE） J300—1984机油粘度分级夏季级别
20 30 40 50 60
象这种机油（SG 10W/30等）也称为级油级机油其油品粘温性能（润滑油粘度随温度变化特性成为粘温性）在温度范围跨度时粘度变化可在定区冬夏通用年季都可使用油品如5W/30 10W/30等级有具有良温启动性能气温较能使发动机顺利启动防止发动机磨损且节约燃料
级油中W表示含义机油牌号中W英语冬天（winter）第个字母因此即表示冬天意思凡在机油中有W适合在冬季使用
既适合冬季使用又能夏季使用全天候使用机油故称为级油
级油中W 前数字表示机油温流动性数字越温流动性越分数数字则表示机油温粘度即100℃时粘度数字越机油温粘度越
各种油品温度适用范围
SAE 5W/30 -35——+30℃ 5W/30中30表示温度级别但30#级别机油适用范围自然环境 温度30℃以以各点温度同
SAE 10W/30 -25——+30℃
SAE 15W/40 -20——+40℃
SAE 20W/40 -15——+40℃
SAE 30 -10——+30℃
SAE 40 10——+40℃
综所述我们可以看到汽车润滑油摩托车润滑油使用个标准同标号油品（即使个同个牌子产品）在相同温度它们粘度等各项指标完全相同存在谁比谁稀与稠问题（温油品粘度变稀会对发动机有危害面会有解答）汽车摩托车水箱温度都能超过100℃（SAE粘度标准测定也为100℃环境进行）即保证两者发动机温度也保证油箱温度为发动机提供正常润滑当然摩托车与汽车工作环境确实存在同但API分级SAE粘度测定包括内容如酸值倾点灰分总碱值闪点等项目个级别有个级别标准而现在摩托车润滑油与汽车润滑油使用个标准这说明同厂家同牌子同标号同级别摩托车润滑油与汽车润滑油厂家相同牌子相同粘度相同级别相同
机油粘度对车影响
机油粘度越越这种观点对
粘度过会造成
1发动机温启动困难在发动机温启动油太慢油压虽但机油通过量并油泵送性差发动机自启动到机油进入摩擦面这段时间磨损量增加
2清洗作用差机油粘度油循环速度慢通过滤清器次数也就减能及时把磨损来金属磨削炭粒尘土等杂质从摩擦面带走
3冷却作用差机油粘度流动性差循环速度慢从摩擦表面带走热量速度也就慢易使发动机过热
4残炭粘度过它残炭颗粒就凝固点就容易堵塞油路
机油粘度过危害
1油膜够容易破在温摩擦表面易形成足够厚度油膜油膜承受力差在载荷作用容易别破使机件到正常润滑增加磨损
2密封粘度过密封性就差汽缸容易漏气仅会使功率降还易使废气窜入油箱使机油稀释污染
3增机油消耗量机油粘度密封容易使汽缸壁机油窜入燃烧室造成机油燃烧但增加机油消耗量还造成燃烧室积碳增加发动机功率降
因此要选择适宜粘度在零件摩擦表面能够形成足够厚度油膜
换机油
要进行彻底换因原来机油含有微杂质或质量降以及新加油品原来同牌子同标号机油因两种油品使用基础油添加剂可能同因此会造成机油过早变质失去作用还有即使同厂家同牌子同标号机油也会有基础油添加剂同彻底换机油步骤如
1放油应趁热放出旧油
2清洗放净旧油后加入新机油数量相当与油面1/3然后急速运转3分钟将油放净
3加油加入新机油规定刻度
希望以内容能给同样骑驴代步朋友们使用机油带来方便
另外10W-3010W-40都能适用-18摄氏度以温度但在在零5-10摄氏度以确实已能感觉10W-40比10W-30要明显稠些(虽然10W这个温参数样)

③机油型号解释

机油型号解释
首先简单说可以这样理解……
15表示冬天时机油黏度为15号40表示夏天机油时相当于40号机油黏度
1.冬季用油牌号分别为0W5W10W15W20W25W
符号W代表冬季Winter(冬天)缩写
W前数字越温粘度越温流动性越适用最气温越
2.夏季用油牌号分别为20304050数字越其粘度越适用最气温越

3.冬夏通用油牌号分别为
5W／20 5W/30 5W／40 5W／50
10W／20 10W／30 10W／40 10W／50
15W／20 15W／30 15W／40 15W／50
20W／20 20W／30 20W／40 20W/50

代表冬用部分数字越代表夏季部分数字越者粘度越适用气温范围越
复杂说这样……
润滑油黏度使用SAE等级别标识SAE英文美国汽车工程师协会缩写
例如SAE40SAE50 或SAE15W-40SAE5W-40
W表示winter(冬季)其前面数字越说明机油温流动性越
代表可供使用环境温度越在冷启动时对发动机保护能力越
W后面（横后面）数字则机油耐温性指标数值越说明机油在温保护性能越
较黏度机油对运动系阻力也相对较
但耗费功率增加油耗而且机油温度会升容易氧化影响冷启动保护
象SAE40SAE50这样只有组数值单级机油能在寒冷冬季使用
象SAE15W-40SAE 5W-40这样两组数值都有
15表示冬天时机油黏度为15号40表示夏天机油时相当于40号机油黏度
这就代表这种机油先进"级机油"适合从温到温广泛区域
黏度值会随温度变化给予发动机全面保护

（SAE） 适用环境温度（°C）
5w -30°C
10w -25°C
15w -20°C
20w -15°C
30 30°C
40 40°C
50 50°C

级油优点:

1.全年使用延发动机寿命减磨损（减冷启动引起磨损）
2.提燃油经济性
3.降润滑油消耗
4.减磨损
5.提供良温润滑性
6.换油期
7.数重负荷发动机制造商推荐
市场中现有机油按SAE法分类单级机油冬季用油有6种夏季用油有4种级机油冬夏通用油有16种
冬季用油牌号分别为 0W5W10W15W20W25W
夏季用油牌号分别为 20304050
冬夏通用油牌号分别为 5W-205W-305W-405W-50
10W-2010W-3010W-4010W-50
15W-2015W-3015W-4015W-50
20W-2020W-3020W-4020W-50
最后附些关于机油指标出处
在机油罐卷标可以看到各种标示般来说较常见到有APl．ACEACCMC等等认证另外较见也有ILSAC以及各车厂自订认证对于油品．每个人比较奇重点在于哪种油比较优这问题答案定机油品质靠述机构所通过认证来判别每种认证都有同规范等级区别而测试方法就在特定点以特定引擎进行各项代表实际行车状况仿真试验．并在定时间内完成测试后将引擎分解然后检测积碳油污腐蚀及磨损等’情况再与标准样本做比较说这么其实各厂牌基础油技术与品质相差而各加添加剂成分配方就变成油品指针各油厂会将生产油品送到具有公信力机构测试与认证所以这些机构认证标志就成机油品质优劣指针
(1)API:
API最常见机油国际认证规范标示American Petroleum lnstitute美国石油工程学会缩写．通过APl测试认证油品可以在机油瓶身标打API双环标志它区分机油等级标准主要依据油品温流动性温清净性扩散过滤性氧化稳定性耐磨耗性防腐蚀及防锈性．触媒兼容性以及环保要求(这个部分后面会再提到)．目前共有SASBSCSDSESFSGSHSJSLSL这11种等级以SL等级为最新S所代表汽油引擎．后面英文字母为其等级区别般在罐身所看到标示方式为SJ／CF．斜线后C所指则柴油引擎分级方式与亦同即字母顺序越后面所代表等级越
(2)CCMC
原本欧洲油品认证规范组织CCMC在1996年正式改组为ACEACCMC为Coremittee OfCommon Mar—ketAutomobieConstructors亦即"欧洲共同市场汽车制造委员会由CEC负责开发燃料与润滑油性能试验方法再由CCMC进行分级CCMC所制订规格从最级G1起直到最级G4G5G代表汽油引擎．PD代表柴油引擎值注意G4所认证油品局限于温流动指数10W15W与20W但W后面温黏度指数则没有限制而G5所认证油品只包括5W与10W
(3)ACE
ACEA为Association des Constructeurs Europeens Automobiles为原来CCMC改组于1996年1月1日正式称为ACEA分为A1．A2A3级．ACEA认证规范标准由BMWFlATFORDGMMERCEDS-等车厂共同制订1996年取代CCMC过目前ACEA与CCMC认证标示仍然并行使用在许油品罐身．我们仍然可以看到这两种认证规范出现
（以文章及数据来自互联网本人做个收集整理没有进行删改有错误之处请及时纠正谢谢）
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【转帖】日常保养盲区 换机油科学方法

评论转发 中国网

换机油汽车养护中重要项目也燃油费之外比较笔开支无论通过4S店汽配市场或专业机油品牌养护店换消费者难免都会遇到些消费盲区或者易察觉坑在此我们支几招力求让车主能相对透明选择适合自己消费方式
在4S店换贵但省事
4S店维修员般会推荐车主使用原厂机油并称这指定机油部分汽车品牌4S店都规定客户在质保期间用原厂指定机油如果用其他(拷问)品牌油或者在4S店以外方换机油话万质保期间发动机出现问题予保修
●疑问原厂机油到底什么油品?
●释疑本质矿物油但同样价钱可抵市场半成品油
清华学清华汽车工程开发研究院副教授杜永昌表示从成本角度考虑目前部分4S店都使用矿物油实际4S店利用其在汽车养护市场优势位对客户进行误导从而获额利润
诚然4S店提供原厂专用机油基本符合该品牌车辆发动机使用要求供应假冒伪劣产品几率也车主可以放心使用但在4S店换矿物油价钱足以在市场买到半合成机油
广本花乡店售后服务经理姜勇表示其原厂机油实际机油供应商根据各厂家自身发动机特点在某品牌机油基础加入适当比例具备抗温防腐等作用添加剂这种打标识原厂机油本质仍矿物油只加入度身定做添加剂配方
目前许4S店也会向车主推荐优质全合成机油但同样品牌4S店比机油品牌专营店价格约1/3
●支招换前咨询清楚换后检查保养明细
有4S店在首保期间给客户免费换机油时用原厂机油但当客户需要自费换时则会推荐或直接换价格半合成或全合成油
车主在自费换前最问清楚可选择机油品种及价格换完毕后仔细检查费用明细建议保留首保时单据可以对比原厂机油合成油价格相差再根据情况选择
除奔驰奥迪等端品牌车型把壳牌嘉实等品牌产品作为指定机油外般家用轿车用普通矿物油就可以
●盲区旧机油故意放完私留部分新机油
●支招放油时在旁看10分钟换后要求出示用完机油瓶

部分信誉佳维修站数4S店维修工会偷机油即旧机油故意放完添加新机油时就必加满4升造成结余他们般会私吞掉1至2升
实际旧机油完全放干净太可能般误差在0.5L范围内属于正常有时间话建议车主看工人打开油堵完全放完旧机油再离开这个时间最也会超过10分钟
另外如4S店没有主动出示用完机油空瓶车主有权要求出示检查
汽配城淘货便宜但风险
汽配用品城无疑家认为淘便宜货方但在鱼龙混杂汽配用品市场充斥为数水货假货
广州某汽车维护公司陈总工程师告诉记者曾有人以30元个价格到该公司收购美孚壳牌等著名品牌机油包装瓶可以预料市场会有部分机油假货存在其中部分打水货名义销售
年来在市场销售水货机油来自泰国中国台湾等法商家利用人们贪图便宜又希望到进口机油心态用劣质机油仿冒国外销售品牌机油其实这种比市场售价半机油实为假货几率
旦所谓水货实为劣质机油因其黏度符各种添加剂足(甚至以旧机油进行过滤脱色完全丧失润滑功效)将对发动机造成极损害甚至令其报废这将偿失
同时别忘购买明知偷逃税款产品将有触犯国家法律风险
找品牌养护店放心且性价比
目前品牌机油都在国内建立自己品牌汽车养护店如果想为些端品牌车型选购较品牌机油到这些养护店购买产品价格会比4S店概1/3但这些油会比普通矿物油贵
自行购买换需定动手能力
目前有部分车主汽车俱乐部都流行DIY换机油活动之前曾有俱乐部以团购形式向品牌机油总经销商购买机油折扣这种最省钱方法有4S店举行过教车主自己换机油比赛有兴趣车主可以尝试

8. 意大利品牌maxmid(玛斯密缔)在淘宝网店搞回馈，有什么优惠啊

看来上面的MM也是追衣一族，前天我浏览淘宝网，无意中进了一家网店“maxmid旗舰店”，主要经营意大利时尚品牌女装maxmid(玛斯密缔)，正在搞回馈客户活动，格纹衬衫10月1日至10月8日期间“买一送一”，按价低的一件付款。另外，买一件卫衣，外加一元，送一个精美格纹票夹。看了网上衣服的质量和款式都还不错，买了就一件，挺划算的~~
各位MM可以去那儿淘淘，瞅瞅有没有自己喜欢的女装。

9. 关于Gulf Oil Spil的英语论文

More evidence of Gulf oil spill washes ashore
By MICHAEL KUNZELMAN Associated Press Writer
NEW ORLEANS (AP) - More dirty evidence of the massive oil spill washed ashore along the Gulf Coast for residents who don't need any more reminders of their frustration over failed efforts to stop the crude gushing from a blown-out undersea well.
In Florida, officials on Thursday closed a quarter-mile stretch of Pensacola Beach not far from the Alabama line when thick pools of oil washed up, the first time a beach in the state has been shut because of the spill. A large patch of oil oozed into Mississippi Sound, the fertile waters between the barrier islands and mainland of a state that has mostly been spared.
The news came as a cap collecting oil from the well was back in place after a deep-sea robot bumped it and engineers concerned about escaping gas removed it for about 10 hours Wednesday.
Even before that latest setback, the government's worst-case estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the oil leaking from the seafloor. And in recent days, the "spillcam" video continued to show gas and oil billowing from the well.
BP's pronouncements that it would soon be able to collect more spewing oil have "absolutely no credibility," Jefferson Parish Councilman John Young said. The latest problem shows "they really are not up to the task and we have more bad news than we have good news."
BP officials said they sympathized and planned to do more.
"For BP, our intent is to restore the Gulf the way it was before it happened," BP PLC managing director Bob Dudley, who has taken over the company's spill operations, said in Washington.
BP shares fell sharply in London on Friday following the company's announcement that the cost of responding to the Gulf of Mexico oil leak has risen to $2.35 billion. The share price dipped as low as 303.6 pence ($4.52) ring morning trading, a 6.3 percent drop.
In other developments:
- The federal judge who struck down the Obama administration's six-month ban on deep-water drilling in the Gulf refused to stay his ruling while the government appeals.
- Environmental groups asked the court to release additional information about U.S. District Judge Martin Feldman's holdings in oil-related stocks.
- Dudley said BP had asked James Lee Witt, director of the Federal Emergency Management Administration ring the Clinton administration, to review its response to the oil spill and recommend improvements.
At nearly every important juncture since the Deepwater Horizon rig exploded April 20, killing 11 workers, the government's and BP's estimates on the size of the spill, its effect on wildlife and the time frame for containing it have spectacularly missed the mark.
On June 8, BP chief operating office Doug Suttles said the spill should be reced to a "relative trickle" in less than a week. BP later said it would take more time for the spill to reach a trickle.
President Barack Obama told the nation last week that as much as 90 percent would soon be captured, saying the company had informed him that was how much of the oil could be kept out of the water within weeks.
"It just doesn't look like that's in the cards," said Ed Overton, a retired professor of environmental science at Louisiana State University. "We're not even close to that, and the word today is that they were capturing less than the day before. I was hoping the president knew something that the rest of us didn't know. I mean, he was talking to the big shots."
BP said Thursday it was graally ramping back up to capture about 700,000 gallons a day with the cap, and burning off an additional 438,000 a day using an incinerator ship. Worst-case government estimates are that about 2.5 million gallons are leaking from the well, though no one really knows for sure.
By mid- to late July, the company hopes to have the capacity to capture up to 3.3 million gallons a day, if that much is flowing, BP spokesman John Curry said.
It cannot all be done immediately, Curry said, because the logistics of positioning four giant ships capable of collecting oil and connecting them to the seafloor are complicated. "There's a limit to the number of ships in the world that do these type of things," he said.
None of those efforts is expected to stop the leak entirely. The soonest that would happen is late August, which is when BP says relief wells being drilled through thousands of feet of rock beneath the seabed will reach the gusher.
August seems a long way off to many.
Along Pensacola Beach, lifeguard Collin Cobia wore a red handkerchief over his nose and mouth to block the oil smell. "It's enough to knock you down," he said.
Others weren't happy about the situation but declined to second-guess the BP engineers.
"I have no clue at all about the correct way to stop it," said Rocky Ditcharo, a seafood dock owner in Louisiana's Plaquemines Parish. "`Powerless' - that's a good word for it."
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Associated Press writers Lisa Leff, Cara Rubinsky and Cain Burdeau in New Orleans, Holbrook Mohr in Pass Christian, Miss., and Matthew Daly in Washington, and AP photographer Dave Martin in Pensacola Beach, Fla., contributed to this report.
2010-06-25 10:55:31 GMT